The Old Testament, also known as the Hebrew Bible, is the foundational text of Judaism and forms the first section of the Christian Bible. Comprised of 39 books, it is a diverse collection of writings that includes history, law, prophecy, poetry, and wisdom literature. The Old Testament is divided into three main sections: the Torah (also known as the Pentateuch or the Five Books of Moses), the Nevi'im (Prophets), and the Ketuvim (Writings). The content was primarily written in Hebrew, with small portions in Aramaic, and it spans over a thousand years of history, ranging from the creation of the world to the return of the Israelites from exile.
The Old Testament is a rich and complex work that addresses various themes, such as the covenant between God and His chosen people, the Israelites; the nature of God; and the struggle between good and evil. Many of the stories and characters from the Old Testament, such as Adam and Eve, Noah, Abraham, Moses, and David, have become ingrained in Western cultural consciousness. The Old Testament has also had a profound influence on art, literature, and philosophy throughout history. It continues to be a subject of study, interpretation, and debate among scholars, theologians, and laypeople alike.
| Book Name | Abbreviation | Chapters | Book Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Genesis | Gen | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25 • 26 • 27 • 28 • 29 • 30 • 31 • 32 • 33 • 34 • 35 • 36 • 37 • 38 • 39 • 40 • 41 • 42 • 43 • 44 • 45 • 46 • 47 • 48 • 49 • 50 | Genesis is the first book of the Bible and describes the creation of the world, the fall of humanity, and the early history of humanity, including the stories of Adam and Eve, Noah, and the patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. It outlines God's covenant with Abraham and his descendants, setting the foundation for the rest of the biblical narrative. |
| Exodus | Exo | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25 • 26 • 27 • 28 • 29 • 30 • 31 • 32 • 33 • 34 • 35 • 36 • 37 • 38 • 39 • 40 | Exodus is the second book of the Bible and recounts the story of the Israelites' liberation from slavery in Egypt, their journey through the wilderness led by Moses, and the establishment of the Mosaic covenant at Mount Sinai. It includes the Ten Commandments and the construction of the Tabernacle. |
| Leviticus | Lev | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25 • 26 • 27 | Leviticus is the third book of the Bible and primarily focuses on laws and rituals of the Israelite priesthood, including regulations for offerings, atonement, and purity. It serves as a manual for the Levitical priests and contains instructions for maintaining holiness and worship in the community. |
| Numbers | Num | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25 • 26 • 27 • 28 • 29 • 30 • 31 • 32 • 33 • 34 • 35 • 36 | Numbers is the fourth book of the Bible and details the Israelites' journey in the wilderness, their census and organization, and their final preparation to enter the Promised Land. It includes various laws, the rebellion of Korah, and the story of Balaam and his talking donkey. |
| Deuteronomy | Deut | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25 • 26 • 27 • 28 • 29 • 30 • 31 • 32 • 33 • 34 | Deuteronomy is the fifth book of the Bible and presents a series of speeches by Moses, summarizing the laws and teachings of the previous books and exhorting the Israelites to remain faithful to the covenant with God. It includes the reiteration of the Ten Commandments and the blessings and curses associated with covenant obedience or disobedience. The book concludes with the death of Moses. |
| Joshua | Josh | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 | Joshua is the sixth book of the Bible and narrates the conquest of Canaan by the Israelites under the leadership of Joshua. It describes the military campaigns, the division of the land among the tribes of Israel, and the renewal of the covenant with God. The book emphasizes God's faithfulness in fulfilling the promises made to the patriarchs. |
| Judges | Judg | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 | Judges is the seventh book of the Bible and recounts the turbulent period of Israelite history after the conquest of Canaan, during which the Israelites were led by a series of judges. It includes stories of key figures such as Deborah, Gideon, Samson, and Delilah, and highlights the cycle of sin, oppression, repentance, and deliverance experienced by the Israelites. |
| Ruth | Ruth | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 | Ruth is the eighth book of the Bible and tells the story of Ruth, a Moabite woman who becomes an ancestor of King David and Jesus. It follows her journey from Moab to Bethlehem with her mother-in-law Naomi, her loyalty and devotion to Naomi, and her marriage to Boaz. The book exemplifies kindness, loyalty, and redemption. |
| 1 Samuel | 1 Sam | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25 • 26 • 27 • 28 • 29 • 30 • 31 | 1 Samuel is the ninth book of the Bible and details the transition of Israel from a loose confederation of tribes to a monarchy. It narrates the stories of Samuel the prophet, the rise and fall of King Saul, and the anointing and early exploits of David. Themes include the importance of obedience to God, the consequences of disobedience, and the establishment of the Davidic dynasty. |
| 2 Samuel | 2 Sam | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 | 2 Samuel is the tenth book of the Bible and continues the story of David as he becomes king of Israel and establishes his capital in Jerusalem. It recounts his military victories, his sins and repentance, and the struggles within his family, including the rebellion of his son Absalom. The book highlights God's covenant with David and his faithfulness despite David's flaws. |
| 1 Kings | 1 Kgs | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 | 1 Kings is the eleventh book of the Bible and chronicles the history of the Israelite monarchy from the death of King David to the reign of King Ahab. It covers the reigns of Solomon and the building of the Temple in Jerusalem, the division of the kingdom into Israel and Judah, and the activities of prophets such as Elijah. The book emphasizes the importance of obedience to God and the consequences of idolatry. |
| 2 Kings | 2 Kgs | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25 | 2 Kings is the twelfth book of the Bible and continues the history of the divided kingdoms of Israel and Judah. It includes the stories of prophets such as Elisha and Isaiah, the destruction of the northern kingdom of Israel by the Assyrians, the reforms of King Hezekiah, and the eventual fall of Jerusalem to the Babylonians. The book underscores the importance of covenant faithfulness and God's sovereignty. |
| 1 Chronicles | 1 Chr | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25 • 26 • 27 • 28 • 29 | 1 Chronicles is the thirteenth book of the Bible and provides a parallel account of Israelite history from the creation to the reign of David. It includes extensive genealogies and focuses on the religious aspects of the monarchy, the Davidic covenant, and the preparations for building the Temple. The book emphasizes God's promises, the role of the Levites, and the centrality of worship in Israelite life. |
| 2 Chronicles | 2 Chr | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25 • 26 • 27 • 28 • 29 • 30 • 31 • 32 • 33 • 34 • 35 • 36 | 2 Chronicles is the fourteenth book of the Bible and continues the narrative from the reign of Solomon to the Babylonian exile. It recounts the dedication of the Temple, the reigns of various kings of Judah, the religious reforms of kings such as Asa, Hezekiah, and Josiah, and the eventual destruction of Jerusalem. The book underscores the themes of repentance, prayer, and God's faithfulness to the covenant. |
| Ezra | Ezra | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 | Ezra is the fifteenth book of the Bible and tells the story of the return of the Jewish exiles from Babylon and the rebuilding of the Temple in Jerusalem. It includes the decrees of Persian kings, the efforts of leaders such as Zerubbabel and Ezra, and the challenges faced by the returning community. The book highlights themes of restoration, spiritual renewal, and obedience to the Law of Moses. |
| Nehemiah | Neh | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 | Nehemiah is the sixteenth book of the Bible and recounts the efforts of Nehemiah, the governor of Judah, to rebuild the walls of Jerusalem and restore the social and religious life of the community. The book includes accounts of Nehemiah's leadership, the opposition faced by the builders, and the dedication of the walls. It emphasizes themes of prayer, perseverance, and the importance of covenant faithfulness. |
| Esther | Est | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 | Esther is the seventeenth book of the Bible and tells the story of Queen Esther, a Jewish woman who becomes queen of Persia and uses her position to save her people from a plot to annihilate them. The book describes the intrigue in the Persian court, the intervention of Mordecai, and the triumph of Esther and her people. It highlights themes of divine providence, courage, and the celebration of Purim. |
| Job | Job | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25 • 26 • 27 • 28 • 29 • 30 • 31 • 32 • 33 • 34 • 35 • 36 • 37 • 38 • 39 • 40 • 41 • 42 | Job is the eighteenth book of the Bible and explores profound questions of suffering and the nature of God's justice. The book tells the story of Job, a wealthy and righteous man who is tested by immense suffering. Through dialogues with his friends and a final encounter with God, Job gains a deeper understanding of divine wisdom. The book grapples with complex theological issues and the mystery of human suffering. |
| Psalms | Ps | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25 • 26 • 27 • 28 • 29 • 30 • 31 • 32 • 33 • 34 • 35 • 36 • 37 • 38 • 39 • 40 • 41 • 42 • 43 • 44 • 45 • 46 • 47 • 48 • 49 • 50 • 51 • 52 • 53 • 54 • 55 • 56 • 57 • 58 • 59 • 60 • 61 • 62 • 63 • 64 • 65 • 66 • 67 • 68 • 69 • 70 • 71 • 72 • 73 • 74 • 75 • 76 • 77 • 78 • 79 • 80 • 81 • 82 • 83 • 84 • 85 • 86 • 87 • 88 • 89 • 90 • 91 • 92 • 93 • 94 • 95 • 96 • 97 • 98 • 99 • 100 • 101 • 102 • 103 • 104 • 105 • 106 • 107 • 108 • 109 • 110 • 111 • 112 • 113 • 114 • 115 • 116 • 117 • 118 • 119 • 120 • 121 • 122 • 123 • 124 • 125 • 126 • 127 • 128 • 129 • 130 • 131 • 132 • 133 • 134 • 135 • 136 • 137 • 138 • 139 • 140 • 141 • 142 • 143 • 144 • 145 • 146 • 147 • 148 • 149 • 150 | Psalms is the nineteenth book of the Bible and a collection of religious poems, prayers, and songs attributed to various authors, including King David. The Psalms express a wide range of emotions and themes, including praise, thanksgiving, lament, penitence, and trust in God. They have played a central role in Jewish and Christian worship and have profoundly influenced the spiritual and artistic traditions of both faiths. |
| Proverbs | Prov | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25 • 26 • 27 • 28 • 29 • 30 • 31 | Proverbs is the twentieth book of the Bible and a collection of wise sayings, instructions, and observations on life. The book is attributed to King Solomon and other sages, and it offers practical guidance on topics such as morality, justice, work, family, and speech. The book emphasizes the importance of wisdom, the fear of the Lord, and righteous living as the path to a fulfilling and successful life. |
| Ecclesiastes | Eccl | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 | Ecclesiastes is the twenty-first book of the Bible and explores the meaning of life and the nature of human existence. Traditionally attributed to King Solomon, the book reflects on the vanity and fleeting nature of earthly pursuits and achievements. Through poetic reflections and philosophical observations, Ecclesiastes emphasizes the importance of fearing God, keeping His commandments, and finding contentment in the simple pleasures of life. |
| Song of Solomon | Song | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 | Song of Solomon, also known as Song of Songs, is the twenty-second book of the Bible and a poetic celebration of romantic love and physical desire. The book features a series of lyrical dialogues between two lovers, often interpreted as an allegory for the relationship between God and His people. Its rich imagery and sensual language have made it a subject of diverse interpretations within Jewish and Christian traditions. |
| Isaiah | Isa | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25 • 26 • 27 • 28 • 29 • 30 • 31 • 32 • 33 • 34 • 35 • 36 • 37 • 38 • 39 • 40 • 41 • 42 • 43 • 44 • 45 • 46 • 47 • 48 • 49 • 50 • 51 • 52 • 53 • 54 • 55 • 56 • 57 • 58 • 59 • 60 • 61 • 62 • 63 • 64 • 65 • 66 | Isaiah is the twenty-third book of the Bible and one of the major prophetic books. It contains the prophecies and teachings of Isaiah, a prophet in ancient Judah, who called for repentance, social justice, and faithfulness to the covenant. The book covers themes of judgment and redemption, the coming of the Messianic figure, and the vision of a new heaven and new earth. Isaiah's prophecies are central to both Jewish and Christian eschatology. |
| Jeremiah | Jer | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25 • 26 • 27 • 28 • 29 • 30 • 31 • 32 • 33 • 34 • 35 • 36 • 37 • 38 • 39 • 40 • 41 • 42 • 43 • 44 • 45 • 46 • 47 • 48 • 49 • 50 • 51 • 52 | Jeremiah is the twenty-fourth book of the Bible and contains the prophecies of Jeremiah, a prophet in Judah during a tumultuous period of political and religious crisis. Jeremiah warned of impending judgment and the destruction of Jerusalem, while also offering messages of hope and restoration. The book reflects Jeremiah's struggles and laments as a prophet, and it includes vivid poetic language and symbolic imagery. |
| Lamentations | Lam | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 | Lamentations is the twenty-fifth book of the Bible and a collection of poetic laments over the destruction of Jerusalem and the exile of the people of Judah. The book mourns the loss of the city and temple, reflects on the suffering of the people, and acknowledges the justice of God's judgment. Yet, amidst the sorrow, Lamentations also expresses hope in God's steadfast love and faithfulness, and the possibility of renewal and restoration. |
| Ezekiel | Ezek | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25 • 26 • 27 • 28 • 29 • 30 • 31 • 32 • 33 • 34 • 35 • 36 • 37 • 38 • 39 • 40 • 41 • 42 • 43 • 44 • 45 • 46 • 47 • 48 | Ezekiel is the twenty-sixth book of the Bible and contains the visions and prophecies of Ezekiel, a priest and prophet exiled to Babylon. The book includes striking visions of God's glory, symbolic actions, and messages of judgment and restoration. Ezekiel speaks of the destruction of Jerusalem, the renewal of the covenant, and the promise of a new heart and spirit for God's people. The book's themes of divine presence and hope continue to resonate with readers. |
| Daniel | Dan | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 | Daniel is the twenty-seventh book of the Bible and tells the story of Daniel, a Jewish exile in Babylon who becomes a wise and influential figure in the royal court. The book includes accounts of Daniel's interpretations of dreams, his unwavering faith in God, and his survival in the lions' den. It also contains apocalyptic visions of the end times and the establishment of God's everlasting kingdom. Daniel is a book of faithfulness, prophecy, and hope in the face of adversity. |
| Hosea | Hos | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 | Hosea is the twenty-eighth book of the Bible and the first of the twelve Minor Prophets. It contains the prophecies of Hosea, a prophet in the Northern Kingdom of Israel, who used his own troubled marriage as a symbolic representation of Israel'sunfaithfulness to God. Hosea's messages focus on God's enduring love and faithfulness despite the people's disobedience and idolatry. The book calls for repentance and wholehearted devotion to God, with the promise of reconciliation and restoration. Hosea's themes of divine love and mercy continue to inspire readers today. |
| Joel | Joel | 1 • 2 • 3 | Joel is a prophetic book that speaks of a great locust invasion and a devastating drought as symbols of divine judgment. The book calls for repentance and turning back to God, promising an outpouring of God's Spirit and restoration in the future. Joel also looks forward to the "Day of the Lord," a time of judgment and ultimate redemption for God's people. |
| Amos | Amos | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 | Amos is a prophetic book that denounces social injustice, oppression of the poor, and religious hypocrisy. Amos, a shepherd from Tekoa, warns the northern kingdom of Israel of impending divine judgment and the need for genuine worship and justice. The book calls for social reform and emphasizes God's concern for righteousness and justice in society. |
| Obadiah | Obad | 1 | Obadiah is the shortest book in the Old Testament and is focused on the judgment against the nation of Edom. Obadiah prophesies the destruction of Edom for its pride and mistreatment of its brother nation, Israel. The book also contains a message of hope, pointing to the eventual restoration and sovereignty of Israel on Mount Zion. |
| Jonah | Jon | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 | Jonah is a narrative book that tells the story of the prophet Jonah who is called by God to preach repentance to the city of Nineveh. Jonah initially flees from the call but is swallowed by a great fish and later released. Upon his preaching, the people of Nineveh repent, and God spares the city. The book explores themes of divine mercy, compassion, and the universality of God's love for all people. |
| Micah | Mic | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 | Micah is a prophetic book that denounces social injustices, corruption, and idolatry in both the northern and southern kingdoms of Israel. Micah calls for repentance and warns of divine judgment, but also offers hope for restoration and the coming of a future Messianic ruler from Bethlehem who will bring peace and justice. |
| Nahum | Nah | 1 • 2 • 3 | Nahum is a prophetic book focused on the judgment and downfall of the Assyrian city of Nineveh. Nahum portrays God as a mighty and just judge who will punish oppressive and violent nations. The book emphasizes God's sovereignty and power in dealing with wickedness. |
| Habakkuk | Hab | 1 • 2 • 3 | Habakkuk is a unique prophetic book that contains a dialogue between the prophet Habakkuk and God. Habakkuk questions why God allows injustice and violence to prevail, and God responds with assurances of eventual justice and judgment. The book concludes with a psalm of trust and praise, expressing confidence in God's salvation. |
| Zephaniah | Zeph | 1 • 2 • 3 | Zephaniah is a prophetic book that warns of the coming "Day of the Lord," a time of divine judgment and destruction. Zephaniah calls for repentance and humility before God, and the book also contains promises of restoration, blessing, and the eventual gathering and purification of God's people. |
| Haggai | Hag | 1 • 2 | Haggai is a post-exilic prophetic book that calls for the rebuilding of the temple in Jerusalem. Haggai encourages the returned exiles to prioritize the worship of God and to seek God's glory. The book contains messages of rebuke, exhortation, and promises of divine blessing for obedience. |
| Zechariah | Zech | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 | Zechariah is a post-exilic prophetic book that contains a series of visions and prophecies encouraging the returned exiles to rebuild the temple and to live righteously. Zechariah also contains messianic prophecies pointing to the coming of a future king who will bring salvation, peace, and the establishment of God's kingdom. |
| Malachi | Mal | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 | Malachi is the last book of the Old Testament and addresses issues of religious complacency, corrupt worship, and social injustice among the returned exiles. Malachi calls for genuine worship and faithfulness to the covenant. The book concludes with a promise of the coming "Day of the Lord" and the arrival of a forerunner who will prepare the way for the Lord. |
The New Testament is the second major part of the Christian Bible and consists of 27 books. It primarily focuses on the life, teachings, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ, as well as the early development of the Christian Church. Written in Koine Greek between the 1st and 2nd centuries AD, the New Testament is divided into four main sections: the Gospels, the Acts of the Apostles, the Epistles, and the Book of Revelation.
The Gospels—Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John—provide accounts of Jesus' life and teachings, with each presenting a unique perspective on his ministry. The Acts of the Apostles chronicles the growth of the early Christian Church, particularly through the work of the apostle Paul, as it spreads from Jerusalem to the wider Roman world. The Epistles, or letters, are a collection of writings by early Christian leaders addressing various theological and practical issues faced by the early Church. Lastly, the Book of Revelation, written in apocalyptic language, foretells the end of the world, the final judgment, and the establishment of a new heaven and earth.
The New Testament has had a significant impact on the development of Western civilization, shaping its culture, art, and ethics. The teachings of Jesus and the apostles, as found in the New Testament, have formed the basis for Christian beliefs and practices throughout the centuries.
| Book Name | Abbreviation | Chapters | Book Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Matthew | Matt | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25 • 26 • 27 • 28 | Matthew is the first Gospel of the New Testament and presents the life, teachings, and ministry of Jesus Christ. The book emphasizes Jesus as the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies, the promised Messiah, and the King of the Jews. It contains key teachings such as the Sermon on the Mount and the Great Commission. |
| Mark | Mark | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 | Mark is the second Gospel of the New Testament and provides a fast-paced and action-oriented account of the life and ministry of Jesus Christ. The book emphasizes Jesus' miraculous deeds, His authority over nature and demons, and His role as the suffering servant who gives His life as a ransom for many. |
| Luke | Luke | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 | Luke is the third Gospel of the New Testament and presents a detailed and orderly account of the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. Luke portrays Jesus as the compassionate Savior who brings salvation to all people, including the marginalized and outcasts. The book contains parables unique to Luke, such as the Parable of the Good Samaritan and the Parable of the Prodigal Son. |
| John | John | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 | John is the fourth Gospel of the New Testament and offers a unique and theological perspective on the person and work of Jesus Christ. The book emphasizes Jesus as the divine Word (Logos) made flesh, the Son of God, and the giver of eternal life. John contains the "I am" statements of Jesus and deep spiritual insights. |
| Acts | Acts | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25 • 26 • 27 • 28 | Acts, also known as the Acts of the Apostles, is a historical book of the New Testament that narrates the founding and expansion of the early Christian Church. The book continues the story from the Gospel of Luke and describes the coming of the Holy Spirit, the missionary journeys of the apostles, and the spread of the Gospel to the Gentiles. |
| Romans | Rom | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 | Romans is a letter written by the apostle Paul to the Christians in Rome. It is a theological masterpiece that systematically presents the doctrine of salvation by grace through faith in Jesus Christ. The letter explores themes such as sin, justification, sanctification, and the transformative power of the Gospel. |
| 1 Corinthians | 1 Cor | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 | 1 Corinthians is a letter written by the apostle Paul to the Christian community in Corinth. The letter addresses a variety of issues and conflicts that had arisen within the church, including divisions, immorality, spiritual gifts, and the proper conduct of worship. Paul emphasizes the importance of love, unity, and living in a way that glorifies God. |
| 2 Corinthians | 2 Cor | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 | 2 Corinthians is a letter written by the apostle Paul to the church in Corinth, following his first letter. In this letter, Paul defends his apostolic authority and ministry, addresses false teachers, and encourages the Corinthians to practice generosity in giving. The letter contains profound insights into the nature of Christian ministry and the power of God in weakness. |
| Galatians | Gal | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 | Galatians is a letter written by the apostle Paul to the churches in the region of Galatia. Paul confronts the issue of legalism and argues passionately for the doctrine of justification by faith in Jesus Christ apart from works of the Law. The letter emphasizes the freedom and liberty that believers have in Christ and exhorts them to live by the Spirit. |
| Ephesians | Eph | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 | Ephesians is a letter written by the apostle Paul to the Christians in Ephesus. The letter explores the richness of the believer's position in Christ and the unity of the church as the body of Christ. The themes of grace, reconciliation, and spiritual warfare are prominent in this letter, and it includes practical exhortations for godly living. |
| Philippians | Phil | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 | Philippians is a letter written by the apostle Paul to the church in Philippi. It is a letter of joy and encouragement, expressing gratitude for the Philippian believers' partnership in the Gospel. Paul emphasizes the humility and self-sacrifice of Christ as a model for believers and encourages them to rejoice in the Lord and live lives worthy of the Gospel. |
| Colossians | Col | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 | Colossians is a letter written by the apostle Paul to the church in Colossae. The letter emphasizes the supremacy and sufficiency of Jesus Christ in all things. Paul refutes false teachings that were creeping into the church, such as syncretistic practices and asceticism, and calls the believers to live in a way that honors Christ, rooted in their identity in Him. |
| 1 Thessalonians | 1 Thess | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 | 1 Thessalonians is a letter written by the apostle Paul to the church in Thessalonica. It is one of the earliest of Paul's letters and focuses on encouraging the Thessalonian believers to stand firm in their faith amid persecution. The letter also addresses questions about the second coming of Christ and provides comfort and hope regarding the resurrection of believers. |
| 2 Thessalonians | 2 Thess | 1 • 2 • 3 | 2 Thessalonians is a letter written by the apostle Paul to the church in Thessalonica, following his first letter. Paul provides further teaching on the second coming of Christ and the events surrounding it. He encourages the Thessalonians to persevere in faithfulness and warns against idleness, urging them to lead orderly and productive lives. |
| 1 Timothy | 1 Tim | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 | 1 Timothy is a pastoral letter written by the apostle Paul to his young protégé, Timothy, who was serving as a leader in the church at Ephesus. The letter provides guidance for the proper ordering of church life, qualifications for leaders, and instructions for sound doctrine and godly living. Paul emphasizes the importance of combating false teachings and maintaining the purity of the faith. |
| 2 Timothy | 2 Tim | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 | 2 Timothy is a pastoral letter written by the apostle Paul to Timothy, and it is believed to be Paul's last letter before his execution. Paul encourages Timothy to remain steadfast in the face of trials and opposition, and to faithfully fulfill his ministry. The letter contains a strong emphasis on the importance of Scripture and the need to persevere in the truth. |
| Titus | Titus | 1 • 2 • 3 | Titus is a pastoral letter written by the apostle Paul to Titus, who was leading the churches on the island of Crete. Paul provides instructions on appointing church leaders, addressing false teachings, and promoting godly living among different groups within the church. He emphasizes the importance of good works as an expression of genuine faith and the grace of God that leads to salvation. |
| Philemon | Phlm | 1 | Philemon is a brief letter written by the apostle Paul to Philemon, a wealthy Christian and slave owner. Paul appeals to Philemon on behalf of Onesimus, a runaway slave who had come to faith in Christ while with Paul. The letter is a powerful plea for forgiveness and reconciliation, urging Philemon to receive Onesimus as a beloved brother in the Lord. |
| Hebrews | Heb | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 | Hebrews is a New Testament epistle that presents the supremacy and sufficiency of Jesus Christ. The author, whose identity remains uncertain, uses Old Testament references to demonstrate that Jesus is greater than angels, Moses, and the Levitical priesthood. The book encourages believers to persevere in faith, warning against apostasy, and explains the significance of Jesus' high priesthood and His once-for-all sacrifice. |
| James | Jas | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 | James is a New Testament letter traditionally attributed to James, the brother of Jesus. It is a practical and ethical epistle that emphasizes the importance of living out one's faith through actions. Key themes include trials and perseverance, the dangers of favoritism and the tongue, the relationship between faith and works, and the importance of patience and prayer. |
| 1 Peter | 1 Pet | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 | 1 Peter is a New Testament letter written by the apostle Peter to Christians scattered throughout Asia Minor. The letter encourages believers to stand firm in their faith amid suffering and persecution. Peter reminds them of their identity as God's chosen people, calls them to holy living, and points to the example of Christ, who suffered for their sake. |
| 2 Peter | 2 Pet | 1 • 2 • 3 | 2 Peter is a New Testament letter written by the apostle Peter to address the threat of false teachers and heresies. Peter exhorts his readers to grow in their knowledge of Christ and to live godly lives. He warns about the coming judgment and emphasizes the certainty of Christ's return, urging believers to be vigilant and steadfast in their faith. |
| 1 John | 1 John | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 | 1 John is a New Testament letter written by the apostle John to address the presence of false teachings and to assure believers of their fellowship with God. The letter emphasizes the themes of light, love, and truth. John encourages his readers to live in obedience to God's commands, to love one another, and to hold fast to the fundamental doctrines of the faith, including the divinity and humanity of Jesus Christ. |
| 2 John | 2 John | 1 | 2 John is a brief New Testament letter written by the apostle John, addressed to "the elect lady and her children." John encourages the recipients to continue walking in truth and love, and he warns against false teachers who deny the incarnation of Jesus Christ. He advises them not to offer hospitality to such teachers, as doing so would make them participants in their deception. |
| 3 John | 3 John | 1 | 3 John is a short New Testament letter written by the apostle John to Gaius, a beloved member of the Christian community. John commends Gaius for his faithfulness and hospitality to traveling Christian teachers. He also addresses the issue of an uncooperative church leader named Diotrephes, who refuses to support these teachers. John promises to address the matter in person and expresses hope to see Gaius soon. |
| Jude | Jude | 1 | Jude is a brief New Testament letter written by Jude, the brother of James. The letter is a forceful warning against false teachers who have infiltrated the Christian community and are promoting immoral behavior and heretical doctrines. Jude calls on believers to contend for the faith, to remember the past judgments of God, and to build themselves up in faith, prayer, and love while looking forward to the mercy of Jesus Christ. |
| Revelation | Rev | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 | Revelation, also known as the Book of Revelation or the Apocalypse of John, is the final book of the New Testament. Written by the apostle John, it is a highly symbolic and apocalyptic work that presents visions of the end times, the final judgment, and the ultimate triumph of God. The book includes messages to seven churches in Asia Minor, vivid depictions of heavenly beings and cosmic battles, and the promise of a new heaven and a new earth. |
The "Apocrypha" or "Deuterocanonical" books refer to a collection of texts that were not included in the Jewish or Protestant canonical Old Testament but are considered canonical by the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox churches. These works, written between the 3rd century BCE and the 1st century CE, encompass a wide range of genres, such as history, wisdom literature, and prophecy. The term "apocrypha" also extends to various writings from the same period that are not accepted as canonical by any Christian tradition, as well as other non-canonical texts from the early Christian era.
The Deuterocanonical books include Tobit, Judith, Wisdom of Solomon, Sirach (also known as Ecclesiasticus), Baruch, and 1 and 2 Maccabees. Some traditions also include additional texts, such as 3 and 4 Maccabees, the Prayer of Manasseh, and Psalm 151. These texts offer valuable historical, cultural, and theological insights into the development of Judaism and early Christianity. They also provide additional context for understanding the canonical Old and New Testaments.
The broader collection of apocryphal works comprises several New Testament Apocrypha, which include gospels, acts, epistles, and apocalyptic writings that were not accepted into the Christian canon. Examples of these texts include the Gospel of Thomas, the Gospel of Peter, and the Acts of Paul and Thecla. Although these writings were not included in the New Testament, they provide valuable insights into the diverse beliefs and practices of early Christian communities. The study of both Deuterocanonical and apocryphal texts offers a more comprehensive understanding of the historical, cultural, and religious milieu in which the canonical scriptures were composed and transmitted.
| Book Name | Abbreviation | Chapters | Book Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Esdras | 1 Esd | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 | 1 Esdras, also known as 3 Esdras, is an ancient text that presents an alternative version of events in the biblical books of Ezra and Nehemiah. |
| 2 Esdras | 2 Esd | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 | 2 Esdras, also known as 4 Esdras, is an apocalyptic work written in the first century CE and contains Jewish and Christian themes. |
| Tobit | Tob | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 | The Book of Tobit is a Jewish work from the third century BCE that tells the story of Tobit, his son Tobias, and their devotion to God. |
| Judith | Jdt | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 | The Book of Judith is a deuterocanonical book that tells the story of Judith, a Jewish heroine who saves her people by beheading the Assyrian general Holofernes. |
| Additions to the Book of Esther | AddEsth | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 | The Additions to the Book of Esther are several sections found in the Greek Septuagint, but not in the Hebrew Masoretic Text, that provide additional details to the biblical Book of Esther. |
| Wisdom of Solomon | Wis | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 | The Wisdom of Solomon, also known as the Book of Wisdom, is a Jewish work written in Greek, composed in Alexandria. It encourages the pursuit of wisdom and explores various philosophical and ethical themes. |
| Wisdom of Sirach | Sir | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25 • 26 • 27 • 28 • 29 • 30 • 31 • 32 • 33 • 34 • 35 • 36 • 37 • 38 • 39 • 40 • 41 • 42 • 43 • 44 • 45 • 46 • 47 • 48 • 49 • 50 • 51 | The Wisdom of Sirach, also known as the Book of Ecclesiasticus, is a work of ethical teachings and practical wisdom. It is one of the books of the Apocrypha and was written by a Jewish scribe named Jesus ben Sirach. |
| Baruch | Bar | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 | The Book of Baruch is a deuterocanonical text that is attributed to the prophet Jeremiah's scribe, Baruch. It contains prayers, confessions, and a call to repentance. |
| Letter of Jeremiah | LJe | 1 | The Letter of Jeremiah, also known as the Epistle of Jeremiah, is a deuterocanonical text written as a letter attributed to the prophet Jeremiah, warning the exiles in Babylon against idolatry. |
| Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children | PrAz | 1 | The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children is a deuterocanonical addition to the Book of Daniel. It tells of the miraculous survival of the three young men in the fiery furnace. |
| Susanna | Sus | 1 | The Book of Susanna is a deuterocanonical addition to the Book of Daniel. It tells the story of Susanna, a virtuous woman falsely accused of adultery, who is ultimately vindicated by the wisdom of the young prophet Daniel. |
| Bel and the Dragon | Bel | 1 | Bel and the Dragon is an addition to the Book of Daniel and contains two narratives about the prophet Daniel. |
| Prayer of Manasseh | PrMan | 1 | The Prayer of Manasseh is a short work that claims to be the penitential prayer of King Manasseh of Judah. |
| 1 Maccabees | 1 Macc | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 | 1 Maccabees is a historical account of the struggle of the Maccabee family and their followers to restore political and religious independence in the face of Seleucid domination. |
| 2 Maccabees | 2 Macc | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 | 2 Maccabees is a historical work that focuses on the events surrounding the Maccabean Revolt and the rededication of the Jerusalem Temple. |
| 3 Maccabees | 3 Macc | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 | 3 Maccabees is a religious text that recounts the persecution of Egyptian Jews by King Ptolemy IV Philopator and their miraculous deliverance. |
| 4 Maccabees | 4 Macc | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 | 4 Maccabees is a philosophical treatise that explores the supremacy of reason over the passions, using the martyrdoms of Eleazar and the seven brothers as examples. |
| 5 Maccabees | 5 Macc | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 | 5 Maccabees is an ancient Jewish historical work that provides an account of Jewish history from the time of Heliodorus to the end of the Maccabean Revolt. |
| 6 Maccabees | 6 Macc | 1 • 2 • 3 | 6 Maccabees is a lost book and is mentioned in some historical sources. As such, the content and structure are not known. |
| Psalm 151 | Ps 151 | 1 | Psalm 151 is a short psalm found in most copies of the Septuagint but not in the Masoretic Text. It is regarded as canonical by the Orthodox Church. |
| Odes of Solomon | Odes | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 | The Odes of Solomon is a collection of 42 lyrical poems, similar to the Psalms, which are considered to be one of the earliest Christian works. |
| 1 Enoch | 1 En | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 | 1 Enoch, also known as the Book of Enoch, is an ancient Jewish apocalyptic religious text. It is accepted by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. |
| 2 Enoch | 2 En | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 | 2 Enoch, also known as the Book of the Secrets of Enoch or Slavonic Enoch, is an ancient Jewish apocalyptic text that describes Enoch's heavenly journey. |
| 3 Enoch | 3 En | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 | 3 Enoch, also known as the Hebrew Book of Enoch, is a Jewish mystical text written by Rabbi Ishmael describing the celestial journey of the biblical Enoch. |
| Jubilees | Jub | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 | Jubilees, also known as the Book of Jubilees, is an ancient Jewish text that retells biblical history. It is accepted by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. |
| The Apocalypse of Zephaniah | Apoc Zeph | 1 | The Apocalypse of Zephaniah is a Jewish apocalyptic text that contains visions and prophecies. |
| The Testament of Abraham | Test Abr | 1 | The Testament of Abraham is a narrative that recounts the events leading up to the death of the patriarch Abraham. |
| The Testament of Isaac | Test Isc | 1 | The Testament of Isaac is a narrative that describes the death of Isaac, the son of Abraham, and his visions of the heavenly realms. |
| The Testament of Jacob | Test Jac | 1 | The Testament of Jacob is a narrative that focuses on the patriarch Jacob and his final words to his children before his death. |
| The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs | Test 12 Pa | The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs is a collection of writings, each ascribed to one of the twelve sons of Jacob, offering moral exhortations and eschatological prophecies. | |
| The Apocalypse of Abraham | Apoc Abr | 1 | The Apocalypse of Abraham is a Jewish pseudepigraphal text that recounts a visionary experience and dialogue between Abraham and a divine figure, exploring themes of idolatry and redemption. |
| The Apocalypse of Moses | Apoc Mos | 1 | The Apocalypse of Moses, also known as the Greek Life of Adam and Eve, is a Jewish pseudepigraphal work that recounts the lives of Adam and Eve after their expulsion from the Garden of Eden. |
| The Life of Adam and Eve | Life Adm E | The Life of Adam and Eve, also known as the Apocalypse of Moses, is a Jewish pseudepigraphal work that provides a detailed account of the lives of Adam and Eve after their expulsion from Eden. | |
| The Testament of Solomon | Test Sol | 1 | The Testament of Solomon is a pseudepigraphical work attributed to King Solomon that describes his interactions with demons and their binding through the use of a magical ring. |
| The Ascension of Isaiah | Ascen Isa | 1 | The Ascension of Isaiah is a pseudepigraphal work that describes the prophet Isaiah's ascension through the seven heavens. It also includes a vision of the coming of the Messiah and the events of the end times. |
| The Martyrdom and Ascension of Isaiah | Mart Ascen | The Martyrdom and Ascension of Isaiah is a pseudepigraphal work that tells the story of the prophet Isaiah's martyrdom at the hands of Manasseh, king of Judah. It also recounts Isaiah's journey through the heavenly realms. | |
| The Revelation of Esdras | Rev Esd | 1 | The Revelation of Esdras is a pseudepigraphal work that contains a series of visions and revelations given to the biblical figure Esdras. It discusses themes such as judgment, repentance, and the end of the world. |
| The Sibylline Oracles | Sib Or | 1 | The Sibylline Oracles are a collection of ancient Jewish and Christian prophetic texts that purport to be predictions of the Sibyls, prophetesses of Greco-Roman antiquity. The oracles include apocalyptic themes and messianic prophecies. |
| The Psalms of Solomon | Psalms Sol | 1 | The Psalms of Solomon are a collection of eighteen psalms that are not part of the biblical canon. They express themes of righteousness, divine judgment, and the hope for the coming of the Messiah. |